A group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family in contrast, a language that has been demonstrated to not have any living or non-living relationship with another language is called a language isolate. Languages evolve and diversify over time, and the history of their evolution can be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral languages must have had in order for the later developmental stages to occur. Therefore, in addition to its strictly communicative uses, language has social uses such as signifying group identity, social stratification, as well as use for social grooming and entertainment. Humans acquire language through social interaction in early childhood, and children generally speak fluently by approximately three years old. Language is processed in many different locations in the human brain, but especially in Broca's and Wernicke's areas. This development is sometimes thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume, and many linguists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative and social functions. Language is thought to have gradually diverged from earlier primate communication systems when early hominins acquired the ability to form a theory of mind and shared intentionality. Major figures in contemporary linguistics of these times include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky. Twentieth century philosophers such as Wittgenstein (1889 – 1951) argued that philosophy is really the study of language itself. Thinkers such as Rousseau (1712 – 1778) have debated that language originated from emotions, while others like Kant (1724 –1804), have held that languages originated from rational and logical thought. Critical examinations of languages, such as philosophy of language, the relationships between language and thought, etc., such as how words represent experience, have been debated at least since Gorgias and Plato in ancient Greek civilization. The scientific study of language is called linguistics.
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Oral, manual and tactile languages contain a phonological system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes, and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances. All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to particular meanings. In other words, human language is modality-independent, but written or signed language is the way to inscribe or encode the natural human speech or gestures.ĭepending on philosophical perspectives regarding the definition of language and meaning, when used as a general concept, "language" may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication, or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems, or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules. Natural languages are spoken or signed (or both), but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory, visual, or tactile stimuli – for example, in writing, whistling, signing, or braille. However, any precise estimate depends on the arbitrary distinction (dichotomy) between languages and dialect. It has the properties of productivity and displacement, and relies on social convention and learning.Įstimates of the number of human languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000. Human language is unique among known systems of animal communication in that it is not dependent on a single mode of transmission (sight, sound etc.), it is highly variable between cultures and across time, and affords a much wider range of expression than other systems.
Many languages, including the most widely-spoken ones, have writing systems that enable sounds or signs to be recorded for later reactivation.
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The structure of language is its grammar and the free components are its vocabulary. A language is a structured system of communication used by humans, based on speech and gesture ( spoken language), sign, or often writing.
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